Figure 2. A conceptual model of conditions and factors of OGD citizen-led engagement.

3. Case study approach
In this section, we describe the approach used to conduct our case study. Case studies can be used to
study a contemporary event that cannot be controlled by the researchers (Yin, 2014). As we study the
contemporary and uncontrollable event of citizen-led engagement with OGD and aim to deduce the
necessary conditions and factors that stimulate citizen-led engagement with OGD in its context, a case
study research design was deemed appropriate for our study. We used the following case selection
criteria.
- The case concerns the engagement with OGD.
- The case concerns a citizen-led engagement initiative, rather than a government-led engagement
initiative (e.g. a hackathon). Brajawidagda and Chatfield (2014) created an overview of citizen-led
engagement initiatives that we use to select our case.
- The case allows for investigating necessary conditions for the emergence of citizen-led engagement
with OGD as well as factors stimulating this type of engagement.
- The case concerns OGD that can be used to solve societal problems.
- The involved researchers have access to the case and its information sources.
Applying our case study selection criteria, we selected the case of Kawal Pemilu (Guard the Election)
from the list of citizen-led engagement initiatives provided by Brajawidagda and Chatfield (2014). This
case has been regarded as the most successful electoral monitoring initiative in the 2014 presidential
election (Postill and Saputro, 2017, Graft et al., 2016). It was also selected because the first author had
access to the case and volunteered in the above-mentioned initiative so that in-depth insights could
be obtained.
According to Yin (2014), a single case study design is acceptable under specific situations where the
research represents a common case, a critical case, an extreme or unusual case, a longitudinal case,
or a revelatory case. A revelatory case refers to a case that reveals a phenomenon previously
inaccessible to the research community and hitherto unexplored (Yin, 2014). We characterize Kawal
Pemilu as such a case because it represents a citizen-led engagement which is a relatively unexplored
phenomenon. Furthermore, the case was previously inaccessible to the research community since
citizens involved in the initiative were intentionally anonymized for safety reasons (Graft et al., 2016).
Therefore, we chose a single case study design since it provides a powerful tool to gain a deep
understanding of all components at a different level of analysis that shaped the OGD citizen
engagement.
Figure 3 illustrates the single case study design with embedded units of analysis. The embedded units
include the governmental organizations providing open election results data (i.e., the Election
Commission), the infrastructures of open election results data, a group of citizens engaging with open
election results data (i.e., Kawal Pemilu), the application developed and used by the Kawal Pemilu
group for digitizing and monitoring election results, and members of society impacted by the election.