2.2.1. Societal conditions and factors
The first stream of studies (nine papers) is concerned with societal conditions and factors underlying
open government which in turn enable the OGD provision. The conditions identified in this stream of
literature include the establishment of laws and regulations surrounding government data and
information publication. Laws and regulations, as well as policies (Yang et al., 2015), concerning the
freedom of information as a robust legal and political framework, are required to regulate the
continuous publication of government data (Neuroni et al., 2013, Nugroho et al., 2015, Altayar, 2018).
Without the framework, governmental organizations are likely to experience uncertainty regarding
their compliance with regulation (Barry and Bannister, 2014). This subsequently poses legal risks (Yang
and Wu, 2016) such as false conclusions drawn from OGD (Conradie and Choenni, 2014) and results
in legal barriers for OGD provision (Janssen et al., 2012, Wirtz et al., 2016).
The factors identified in this stream include the demands of society members (e.g., citizens,
journalists, researchers, activists) for the improved access to government data and information
(Altayar, 2018) and the increase of transparency (Wirtz et al., 2017). These expectations emerge as a
result of a global trend towards a more informed society through the rapidly growing use of ICT,
pervasive adoption of social media, and emergent innovations in technologies.

2.2.2. Organizational conditions and factors
Fifteen of the selected papers discuss organizational conditions and factors related to OGD
engagement. We identified two main organizational conditions required for the emergence of OGD
citizen engagement: the availability of resources for the publication of government data and feedback
mechanism between citizens and the OGD provider (Svärd, 2018, Susha et al., 2015). Sufficient
resources related to the government’s budget allocation are a facilitating condition needed to enable
OGD provision such as investment in infrastructures (e.g., platforms, software, tools) (Svärd, 2018,
Yang and Wu, 2016). Resources also concern the financial effects of OGD (Conradie and Choenni,
2014) such as liabilities, benefits, losses, and efforts (Yang et al., 2015). Resource constraints (Barry
and Bannister, 2014) may lead to insufficiency of budgetary allocation which may hinder
governmental organizations from publishing their data or decrease the quality of the opened data
(Svärd, 2018). Feedback mechanism, as a means for interaction between OGD provider and users, is
also an important condition for communicating data users’ evaluations of the opened data and followups on feedback made by OGD provider (Susha et al., 2015, Máchová et al., 2018, Zuiderwijk et al.,
2012).
The main factors identified in this stream of literature can be grouped into institutional and technical
categories. Institutional factors include external and internal institutional pressure, committed
executive leaders, organizational capability and culture, clear structure and definition of
responsibilities, support and promotion, and evaluation (Janssen et al., 2012, Altayar, 2018, Hossain
and Chan, 2015, Yang et al., 2015, Yang and Wu, 2016, Sayogo and Yuli, 2018, Neuroni et al., 2013,
Wirtz et al., 2016, Máchová et al., 2018, Susha et al., 2015). Technical factors concern integration and
interoperability with existing systems, interactive feature of OGD platforms, security and
standardization, and the use of emergent technologies (Janssen et al., 2012, Máchová et al., 2018,
Parycek et al., 2014, Conradie and Choenni, 2014, Hossain and Chan, 2015, Neuroni et al., 2013)

2.2.3. Individual conditions and factors
Research in the third stream (ten studies) gives emphasis to the perspective of individuals who engage
with OGD. The main conditions identified in this research stream are effort expectancy and intrinsic
and extrinsic motivations. Effort expectancy is related to the degree of ease associated with the efforts
needed to engage with OGD and shares similar measures with ease of use and task complexity