practical reports from different fields such as election (ACE Electoral Knowledge Network, 2014) and
open data impact (Young and Verhulst, 2016).

5. Case study analysis: conditions and factors influencing citizen-led engagement
with Indonesia’s presidential election data
In this section, we describe the conditions and factors that influence citizen-led engagement in our
case study. We use the conceptual model that we developed in Section 2 as a framework to describe
the findings.

5.1. Conditions and factors for citizen-led engagement with OGD at the societal level
Necessary conditions for the emergence of citizen-led engagement with OGD and its contributing
factors at the societal level concern the opening of election data.

5.1.1. Necessary conditions
Our literature review showed that the existence of a legal and political framework is an important
condition for citizen-led engagement with OGD. The case indeed confirmed this since the Election
Commission’s main motivation to open election results data was to comply with the Public
Information Disclosure Act. The interviewed officials also claimed that the Commission publishes not
only election-related data but also other data such as work and budget plans and procurement.
Moreover, the 2014 presidential election regulations (Komisi Pemilihan Umum, 2014b), enacted by
the Commission, mandated the facilitation of public access to the vote tallying processes at the polling
stations. One commissioner commented:
“Especially if we talk about the data related to the election, indeed, if we talk about regulation,
the KPU has regulated [...] in KPU regulations as a follow-up to the Public Information
Disclosure Act ...”

5.1.2. Contributing factors
Our literature review showed that a democratic culture is an important factor that can stimulate
citizen-led engagement with OGD. The case confirmed this since citizens, civil society organizations,
and political parties demanded the opening of election data to improve the transparency of the
presidential election processes (Graft et al., 2016). The demands were very much inherited from the
society’s perceptions of the previous presidential elections which have been poorly managed by the
Election Commission. In those elections, the voter’s registration processes were chaotic and in some
areas, the ballots were manipulated during the document transfer from polling stations to the higher
administrative level (Mietzner, 2009). These demands manifested in the form of data and information
requests addressed to the Election Commission. One commissioner said:
“Because there are also requests such as vote results per polling station [...]. Requests for the
results of recapitulation at district A, B, C and others, like that. Also, sometimes [we have]
requests from the [political] parties or from institutions such as survey institutions, NGOs, and
so on. Well, when the KPU has opened the data [and] there is a request, please access [the
data] that you need and just download it immediately”

5.2. Conditions and factors for citizen-led engagement with OGD at the organizational
level
At the organizational level, necessary conditions and contributing factors are related to the processes
for managing the sustainability of election data publication.