Whitmore, 2014). Not much is known about this type of engagement and therefore, our study aims
to fill this gap, particularly regarding how citizen-led engagement with OGD emerges.
The objective of this study is twofold: 1) to investigate the necessary conditions for the emergence of
citizen-led engagement with OGD and 2) to identify which factors stimulate this type of engagement.
Conditions are prerequisites that must be met for the emergence of OGD engagement, whereas
factors concern variables that contribute to the advent of OGD engagement. We formulated the
following research questions:
1) which conceptual model can be used to study how citizens engage with OGD themselves to
solve societal problems?
2) what are the necessary conditions for citizen-led engagement with OGD?
3) which factors stimulate citizen-led engagement with OGD?
This paper is organized as follows. In the next section, we first develop a conceptual model of
conditions and factors stimulating OGD citizen engagement using a systematic literature overview.
Then, in section three we use the conceptual model as a framework for studying a case of selforganized citizen engagement in the digitization of Indonesia’s 2014 presidential election data. Next,
we analyze the identified conditions and factors and derive recommendations for OGD policymakers
to enhance OGD engagement. Finally, we discuss our conclusions.

2. Literature review: a conceptual model for studying conditions and factors of OGD
citizen engagement
In this section, we develop a conceptual model that can be used to study how citizens engage with
OGD to solve societal problems. We first present the approach used to create the conceptual model
and then we present the model itself.

2.1. Systematic Literature Review approach
We carried out a systematic literature review to develop the conceptual model of OGD citizen
engagement. We searched the Scopus database for peer-reviewed journal articles and conference
papers that contain relevant terms related to OGD citizen engagement in their title, abstract, and
keywords (see Table 1). To obtain the most recent insights, we excluded papers from 2008 or older as
well as papers in other languages than English.
Table 1. Overview of search terms used in the systematic literature review.
Construct
Engagement
OGD

Condition
Factor

Search terms used in the systematic literature review
engag*, participat*, involv*, use, usage
open government data, public sector information, open data, public data, public government
data, open public sector data, open public data, big open data, big open public sector data,
open public sector information, open government information
condition*, stipulation*, constraint*, prerequisite*, precondition*, requirement*
antecedent*, determinant*, predictor*, variable*, factor*

We combined the search terms from Table 1 and generated a list of publications relevant in the
context of this research. This resulted in 311 publications. We assessed the identified articles in three
stages: first, we evaluated the domain and title; then, we examined the abstract; and finally, we
skimmed the content (see Figure 1 ). In the first stage, we excluded 278 publications from technical
domains such as computer science, chemistry, and diseases which utilized open data as a component