TOJET: The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology – April 2019, volume 18 issue 2

Aytekin and Ozlem, 2013
Instruments

Cabrera, Marín, Rodríguez and Espín, 2005
Hohlfeld, Ritzhaupt, Dawson & Wilson, 2017
Blevins, LeCompte & Wells, 2014
Pellegrino, Zenkov and Calamito, 2013

Programs

Al-Zahrani, 2015
Simsek & Simsek, 2013
García-Valcárcel, Basilotta and Mulas, 2016
Jiménez, 2016

Technologies that Promote
Digital Citizenship

Gao & Lee, 2017
Techataweewan & Prasertsin, 2017
Toks Oyedemi, 2015
Gozálvez, 2011
Espaliú, 2015
Nam, 2017.
Hernández, Robles & Martínez, 2013.

Source: by the author, based on Gisbert, 2011.
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The following details were considered:
In the article selection process: the authors’ names, title, type of publication, journal name, language and
keywords.
To limit the search, a range of ten years was established, from 2007 to 2017 for establish a rank of years and
can deep this papers and according to the theoretical framework of the study, this period was established to
obtain the greatest number of sources that address digital citizenship.
Each advanced search in the databases provided the available information of articles on digital citizenship. In
this first phase, 734 bibliographic references to scientific and academic studies were found.
Languages: Articles in Spanish and English was searched

Phase 2. Selection of potential articles
In this phase, the titles of the articles were reviewed individually to identify articles that satisfied the search
criteria and the names of the corresponding topics. For example, under the topic of digital citizenship,
information was found regarding the expansion of knowledge that was irrelevant to the study. Articles were
discarded if they did not provide pertinent information based on the tags used in the search and the established
disciplines in the social sciences. Articles for which full access to the document was not permitted were also
discarded.
Applying this initial filter reduced the search to 100 bibliographic references. All information was stored in a
database for subsequent consultation and analysis.
Next, to complement the data collection phase, the previous process was conducted, reviewing the abstract and
conclusions of each article, thereby further narrowing the selection of potential articles. Following this process,
90 documents remained for analysis.
3. RESULTS
The categories correspond with the findings presented with greater occurrence in the investigated articles. Two
big categories have been emerged: Digital citizenship as a bridge to empowerment and Overview of instruments
and programs focused on digital citizenship, which they collect the main trends that arise from the results of the
systematized articles. The two major categories presented subcategories in the case of the first category: Policies
for digital citizenship, the concept of digital citizenship and its characteristics, and in the second category:
instruments for measuring digital citizenship and training programs for citizens, these subcategories grouped
together by affinity with the themes. In order to guarantee the reliability of the groupings carried out, intracoder
and intercoder carried out to check that the categories corresponded with the findings investigated in the articles
reviewed. Figure 1 show a synthesis of Categories and subcategories:

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