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S. SHARMA ET AL.

also be particular and limiting in the mining of relevant literature, and maybe this can be expanded
upon in future studies in the area. Only studies published and available in the English language were
included in our review. Only articles published in peer-reviewed journals were considered, which
may have resulted in some relevant conference papers being left out. Although these decisions
were conscious and mutually agreed upon by the co-authors, we note that some studies might
have been excluded.
Future research can also expand our study and focus on exploring problems like: How can we use
behavior strategies to better design policies that promote participation for empowerment? Scholars
working in the field of DG or IS could use the research design after improving on the limitations to
studying the four covered themes of DG, PB, MCSD, and DA separately and in detail to fill in the gaps
and build upon our study.

Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Notes on contributors
Swapnil Sharma is a PhD research scholar in the Information Systems Area at Department of Management Studies,
Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi. His area of research interests are ICT4D, e-Governance, digital public policy,
digital marketing and social media.
Prof. Arpan K. Kar is Amar S Gupta Chair Professor in Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India. Within IIT Delhi, he
shares a joint appointment in the Department of Management Studies and School of Artificial Intelligence. Administratively he is the Chair of Corporate Relations (DMS) and is a member of Board of Academic Programme and Institute of
Eminence Committee, among others. His research interests are in the domain of data science, digital transformation,
internet ecosystems, social media and ICT-based public policy. He has authored over a 150 peer reviewed articles
and edited 7 research monographs. He is the recipient of Research Excellence Award by Clarivate Analytics (Web of
Science) for highest citations from 2015-2020. He is the recipient of Basant Kumar Birla Distinguished Researcher
Award for the highest count of ABDC A*/ABS 4/FT50 level publications in India between the period 2014 - 2019. In
terms of teaching cases, he is the recipient of the Best Seller Award from Ivey Cases / Harvard Business Publishing in
2020. As of 2021, he has over 4500 citations with an H-Index of 35 and I-10 Index over 80. He is the Editor in Chief
of International Journal of Information Management Data Insights, published by Elsevier. He is also Associate / Coordinating Editor in Int. Journal of Electronic Government Research, Journal of Public Affairs, Information Systems Frontiers
and Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management. He has been a guest editor for journals like Industrial Marketing
Management, International Journal of Information Management, Information Systems Frontiers and Australasian
Journal of Information Systems. He has received reviewing excellence awards from multiple journals like I&M, GIQ,
IJIM, LUP, JRCS, JOCS and ESWA. He has undertaken over 40 research, consultancy and training projects from organizations like BASF, PWC, Fidelity, EY, Facebook, CIPPEC, BitGrit, Govt. of India (DST, MOTA, MOT, MEITY, MHRD, etc). He has
received numerous awards from reputed organizations like Clarivate Research Excellence, Basant Kumar Birla Distinguished Researcher, 3 International Federation of Information Processing Best Papers, ACM ICEGOV Best Paper, TCS
Best Project, Project Management Institute Research Scholar, Association of Indian Management Schools Faculty
Research, IIT Delhi Teaching Excellence, Best Seller Case Study from Ivey / Harvard Business Publishing, and many
more best paper awards. Prior to joining IIT Delhi, he has worked in IIM Rohtak, Cognizant Business Consulting and
IBM India Research Laboratory.
M. P. Gupta is Professor at Department of Management Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi; and Modi Foundation chair professor. Known for pioneering works in the area of e-governance, he has been spending significant
amount of resources in developing cases, tools and frameworks to promote e-governance research. These included
24 Doctoral thesis, 17 sponsored mega-projects, co-authored/edited 4 books and 200+ research papers. He has
been closely following Government of India (GoI) National Plan on E-governance which developed subsequently
into an umbrella program of ‘Digital India’. His studies have suitably fed into these programs in general and ‘Cyber
Security Policy of India’ in particular. His recent interest lies into exploring some the issues of smart cities. He is also
steering a European Union funded (Horizon-2020) project, which deals with the setting up of cluster-to-cluster partnerships between India and EU for the convergence of Future of Internet & Digital Media (FI-MEDIA).
Yogesh K. Dwivedi is a Professor at the School of Business and Economics at Swansea University in the UK. He was
awarded his MSc and PhD by Brunel University in the UK, receiving a Highly Commended award for his doctoral
work by the European Foundation for Management and Development. His research focuses on the adoption and